Here's a simple break down of the answers to the questions. You may need to elaborate more, these are only bullet points but they may be helpful reminders in the exam.1. Outline the verification principles as part of the school of thought known as logical positivism. Hoe might this principle be applied in the day-to-day work of a journalist?
-The verification principle is a way of categorising truth claims as: true, false or meaningless.
-If a claim can not be proven to be true or false then it is regarded as meaningless and should not be spoken about, because it can not be proven in any way.
-This relates to journalists because we need to make sure that everything we print or broadcast is fast, accurate and fair. Our articles or packages would not be accurate if we cant verify them as true or false. If they are not verifiable than there is no reason to talk about it as it must be meaningless.
-Religious and Cartesian people do not believe in this as God can not be verified to be true or false, therefore he is meaningless and should not be spoken about.
- Logical positivism is believed in by the Vienna Circle who were a group of philosophers who greatly influenced 20th century philosophy.
-Logical positivism questioned the validity of other philiosophical schools of thought such as metaphysics.
- Modern philosophy combines empirical knowledge with the deduction of human knowledge.
2. What is phenomenology: can there be such a thing as a subjective reality or subjective truth? What sort of standards ought a journalist apply?
-Phemonmenology is a branch of philosophy that deals with the subjective experience and your own personal reason of how and why you react that way.
-Solipsism- The world is a projection of your own being.
-Truth can be subjective - it is what you want to believe.
- Impircists Locke and Berkley believe that there is no way you can believe the door is there without thinking about it.
- It is a crazy idea but proved by quantum mechanics.
- The mind builds the data on the 5 senses.
- HUSSERL - Intention > if you want to see a tree you will see a tree. You WILL the world in to existence.
-HEIDEGGER > Phenomenologist, after the war he was concerned with our intentions that make the world then dealing with the consequences of those choices.
3. Describe in broad terms Keynes ideas on monetary policy, with an indication of how Keynesian “revolution” came about. Does “Keynesianism” inevitably lead to social regression, mortal failure, and serfdom as Hayek asserts?
-Check out Charlotte Clarks blog for a catchy rap that really helped me out on this question.http://charlotteaclarke.blogspot.com
-KEYNES, BOOST AGGREGATE DEMAND TO GET OUT OF UNEMPLOYMENT.
- K wants to steer markets, the circular flow when people are earning and then spending back out in to the economy.
- K if the markets are low we need to increase government spending.
- K believes that wars boost the economy because virtually everyone is employed.
- K State intervention can counter depression.
-K wanted to print more money which then resulted in more employment and good circulation.
-K believed you could pay people money even if the gold was not in the bank. The people would spend their money on rent, food etc and so the money would find it's way back out in to the economy making more jobs for people and allowing people to actually sell their wares. If people invested it like HAYEK wanted the money would not be circulating.
-K is the economist that theorised price controld by the governments central bank. Lower the interest rates when the economy is doing well and raise the interest rates when the economy is falling and slipping in to a depression or recession. This will mean that people will not be saving when there is a recession they will be spending the money and circulating the money.
- K argued the wages should not be cut because if they were there would be less spending and less money circulating the economy.
- HAYEK wrote the road to serfdom and argued that if the government take control of economic decision making then there will be an abandonment of individualism, liberalism and freedom resulting in a socialist or fascist oppression with serfs working for the State.
- H wants the markets set free.
- H believes KEYNES theory conceals the mechanics of change and is a simple quick fix solution.
- H says that we are only left with debt after circulating the market and believes we should save our money and let it grow in the banks. The market coordinates time with interest.
- H - MALINVESTMENTS WRECK THE ECONOMY and the boom devalues capital.
- Employment is a means but not an end to a recession or depression.
4. “Facts in logical space are the world” Witgenstein in Tractatus .Do you agree?
- It is a declaritive statment which is meant to be self evident.
-A fect is something that can be independently verified as true, false or meaningless.
- In the critque of pure reason Kant explains that what we experience physically is not the real world but a replica made with our brains.
-The brain consists of thoguhts which is close to the world being made up of facts
- Kants 'brain' could be Wittgensteins 'logical space'.
- The world is of facts not things.
-The world divides in to facts.
-The totality of facts determines what is the case and what is not.
-The World perceived is not made up of substance but of facts.
-SO..... if the world is made up of facts and the logical space is the experience of which we put these facts then that is the world we perceive. The facts in the logical space can only be verified as true or false because meaningless facts should not be spoken or thoguht about so should not be in the logical space.
5.Looking back at HCJ as a whole choose a topic/philosopher. Explain why they are important for journalistic reasons.
-This is to be revised and written individually so you'll have to come up with your own topic/philosopher.
Hope that has been of some use to you, Good Luck!
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